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Business Research Topics for ABM Students
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. The rapid growth in the availability and incorporation of digital technologies in almost every aspect of our lives creates extraordinary opportunities but brings with it unique challenges.
This is especially true for the translational researcher, whose work has been markedly enhanced through the capabilities of big data aggregation and analytics, wireless sensors, online study enrollment, mobile engagement, and much more.
At the same time each of these tools brings distinctive security and privacy issues that most translational researchers are inadequately prepared to deal with despite accepting overall responsibility for them, research paper on mandatory military service.
For the researcher, the solution for addressing these challenges is both simple and complex. Cyber-situational awareness is no longer a luxury-it is fundamental in combating both the elite and highly organized adversaries on the Internet as well as taking proactive steps to avoid a careless turn down the wrong digital dark alley. The objective of this paper is to describe the data privacy and security concerns that translational researchers need to be aware of, and discuss the tools and techniques research paper on mandatory military service to them to help minimize that risk.
Researchers, practitioners and consumers alike are increasingly embracing mobile technology, cloud computing, broadband access, and wearable devices-effectively removing the traditional perimeter defenses around sensitive data.
As a result, security measures to protect this information must be initiated at the source and maintained until the information reaches its intended endpoint-whether it research paper on mandatory military service sensors, apps, research databases, websites, electronic health records EHRa patient, research paper on mandatory military service, or a general population.
Health care providers and researchers are now working with a digital ecosystem of tools, enabled by the Internet, loosely coupled and easy to deploy, that provides powerful capabilities for care delivery and analysis, but along with this comes formidable challenges in protecting the privacy and security of individuals and their information.
Over the past 40 years, monolithic information technology IT systems as well as brick and mortar perimeter defenses of potentially sensitive health data have given way to loosely coupled ecosystems. Although there were multiple earlier efforts, adoption of Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture VisTA in is often recognized as the start of what is now referred to as digital medicine with the embracing of that first generation EHR.
The introduction of the first iPhone inwith its potential for ubiquitous mobile computing and connectivity, marked the beginning of an ecosystem allowing for real world tracking and collection of clinical and research quality personal health information through mobile devices. cars, homes, work environments, wearables, etc. become smarter, ubiquitous and autonomous [ 1 ]. This trend towards an ecosystem of loosely connected devices means that security safeguards must become data-centric-embedded with the data itself and not necessarily dependent on the infrastructure in which it is found Figure 1.
The quantity of available data specific to an individual has also exploded. All this information can potentially be readily accessed globally through the Internet from all types of devices, from traditional desktops and smart phones to wearables. Technology is moving rapidly, but the risks are moving just as fast. The ability to assure confidentiality, integrity, access and non-repudiation identity authenticity of information offers unique opportunities and risks. As the perimeter defenses have dropped away, cyber threats have become more sophisticated, persistent, and impactful.
But at the same time, it is important to recognize is that attacks are not necessarily more complex, but it is the shear number of low level, easier to see, targeting users that increase vulnerability. Traditional security measures, like strong complex passwords when usedare simply becoming insufficient for the modern connected environment.
As ofhacking has become the leading cause of breaches reported by CMS [ 2 ]. Motivation for attack can range from financial gain: intent to commit fraud, profiting from selling packaged identities; unauthorized hospital clerk insider idly viewing the health record of a movie star; to just the challenge of defeating a security system. Risks stem from several sources: opportunity, increased motivation, and a lack of understanding by the health care community in the use of technology. Research has brought to light the proliferation of attacks that happen on any routable public IP address [ 3 ].
Security strength varies widely. Available data sources about an individual can easily be stitched together to exploit high value items like financial assets and medical identity. Technology gets more complex and more complex attacks emerge from the simple viruses of yesterday, to multifaceted malware that expose applications, systems and networks on multiple levels for information gain or destructive attacks.
Though, not to be forgotten, is that many attacks still successfully use simplistic s-style methods like default passwords to achieve their malicious intent. Many legacy healthcare and research organizations have not yet fully adapted to this accelerated rate of change, whereas a number of forward-thinking organizations are research paper on mandatory military service to embrace the use of lightweight configurable systems that displace or augment legacy IT. Adoption of digital technologies has outpaced the implementation of appropriate safeguards for privacy and security, as well as the ability to anticipate and respond to potential threats.
The explosive growth of connected devices that contain medical information and their integration into backend systems that contain additional critical data has also opened the door to new compromises. Not unexpectedly, health care in had the largest increase in the number of potential attack surfaces of any industry [ 4 ]. Motivation for attack does not have to involve nefarious intent, cyber warfare, financial gain, or even retaliation against a specific individual.
InMichael Honan, a correspondent for Wired, suffered a major attack against his on-line identity, compromising almost all and destroying most of his digital assets. However, the strongest motivator of the mounting attacks on healthcare is the financial value of information, research paper on mandatory military service. Medical identity theft is on the rise, with an increase of Prescription drug programs are an especially hot target.
Recently, a number of Miami pharmacy owners were charged with paying Medicare beneficiaries for their personal identification numbers, which they used to file fraudulent claims for drugs that were never dispensed. These individuals worked with a clinic owner, who forged and altered prescriptions and sold them to the pharmacies.
Our personal lives are built around a certain level of physical distrust-we lock our homes, we hide our wallets and purses, we avoid dark alleys.
Yet, for the most part, we trust the Internet with less concern for safety, revealing personal information to the Web that we otherwise would not share, reassured by the notion that simple password protection is adequate to protect our sensitive information. The increased use of applications that rely on cloud computing, research paper on mandatory military service, when coupled with the rise in mobile and the use of personal devices for work, allows sensitive data to flow outside the traditional enterprise firewalls.
Attackers commonly leverage social media to create targeted, convincing user mode attacks like spear phishing to steal employee credentials and use them to access company data. Since employees often have more access to sensitive data than they actually need, companies end up placing their data at risk unnecessarily.
This means that hackers can now also use the same pathways that company employees use to access sensitive company data. All they need is employee credentials. Thankfully, many of the risks to security stem from known vulnerabilities, and improving individual awareness that those vulnerabilities exist can minimize the risks to security.
The problem is, research paper on mandatory military service, many individuals tend to embrace myths and misconceptions that enable attack. Working through some of these myths can enhance privacy and security and minimize the risk of attack. Data at varying levels of structure and complexity are collected and held across various platforms-from on-premises systems to data lakes in the cloud-and are accessible from anywhere, research paper on mandatory military service, at any time through a variety of communication channels email, SMS and transmission protocols Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, broadband.
Regardless, traditional security safeguards-the physical boundaries of the data center, perimeter firewalls, user names and passwords-are no longer effective as technology pushes the need for security closer to the actual data.
This connected world offers many advantages in terms of flexibility, elasticity, outreach, and cost but-as will be discussed-the cyber landscape is fraught with potential risks. Table 1 helps begin the journey by summarizing each layer, its use s in translational medicine, and the attack surfaces, defined by the potential risks and attack vectors to be discussed.
As the potential security issues in most desktop environments are relatively well known, we will largely turn our attention in this section to the mobile ecosystem. Mobile devices are easily lost or stolen, research paper on mandatory military service.
When this happens to a device used for work activities, enterprise data or credentials are put at risk, along research paper on mandatory military service personal information, especially since most of these devices are not adequately protected, research paper on mandatory military service. Of the 4. A similar study by the Federal Trade Commission of twelve mobile health and fitness apps revealed that user data was disseminated to research paper on mandatory military service third parties; the information included usernames, proper names, research paper on mandatory military service, email addresses, data on exercise and diet habits, medical symptom searches, zip codes, geo-location and gender [ 13 ].
Finally, mobile devices have inherent vulnerabilities-the operating system e. There were 37, health, fitness and medical related apps on the iTunes or Android market as of [ 1415 ] with significant projected growth rate over the next five years. Attackers are posed to leverage these vulnerabilities. Although the Verizon DBIR report downplays the impact of mobile malware [ 17 ], the continued growth in the number of health-related mobile apps and their corresponding potential vulnerabilities should not be discounted.
The exploit, currently only affecting applications downloaded from third-party app stores, allows an attacker to modify or replace a normally benign Android app with malware, all without the knowledge of the user, allowing the malicious application to gain full access to a device, including usernames, passwords, and sensitive data [ 18 ]. As with other advanced computing equipment, user awareness is key to safeguarding the mobile device, both electronically to protect the identity and data it carries and physically to secure the device if lost or stolen.
Also, being aware of common signs of infection including abnormal issues with performance, dropped calls and disruptions, abnormal usage patterns such as a devices sending SMS text messages to premium-rated numbers or unexplained data plan spikes; unknown apps appearing as installed.
Table 2 provides guidelines that researchers should follow in using mobile devices as well as advice to be provided to study participants in order to protect the personal information collected in a study. Privacy, data security, and informed consent are integrally bound together in the research environment, both from the standpoints of protection and compliance. The growing use of mobile devices for recruitment of and communication with study participants, as well as subsequent collection of patient-reported data brings new emphasis on these elements.
The researcher is still responsible for implementing protections for data transmission, storage, and use after collection. Security is essential to privacy. For any app utilized in a study, the researcher needs to understand what sensitive data will be stored on the mobile device, how and where that sensitive data will be transmitted from the device, and what procedures or actions reduce the risk of compromise.
A researcher should confirm through the assurance of their IT team that:. At research paper on mandatory military service minimum, this should be a PIN or biometric ID, with two-factor authentication strongly recommended. Security considerations need to integrate with participant access and use of the app, activities that integrate with privacy and informed consent requirements. A researcher should be involved in the development of policies and procedures for participant access or download of a research app.
Their input is important in determining where the participant will acquire the app; whether through a recognized app store e. Finally, the researcher must assure that they are able to obtain a clear opt-in from a participant before accessing location data in the mobile device. Precise geo-location information is increasingly considered sensitive information Research from Nanjing University demonstrated how accelerometer-based movements can be easily traced and users identified as a result [ 19 ].
A final consideration research paper on mandatory military service the design of a research app is the use of electronic signature. If a study requires written informed consent, the use of electronic, including digital, signatures is permitted. The FDA under 21 CFR Part 11 does not have a preference for electronic or digital signatures, research paper on mandatory military service, both being valid if regulatory requirements and expectations are satisfied.
Researchers should be aware that the two types are not interchangeable. Its use is problematic in maintaining integrity and security as nothing binds the signature to the actual record. Research Kit, as a representative framework, does not include digital signature support; the study design must address how electronic signature should be implemented.
A researcher should be aware, however, that integrating electronic and digital signatures authenticates the individual signing the informed consent, ensures the source file, which preserves this record, is secure and verifiable, and potentially could also be used as a method to secure participant data on their mobile device, research paper on mandatory military service.
Email and instant messaging protocols were not originally designed with privacy or security in mind. Convenience is the major driver. For the majority of messaging platforms, almost all information is sent in clear text and the validation of the sender and recipient is not mandatory. Given the myriad ways individuals send, receive, store, and use messaging services, trying to fully secure messaging with a technical solution alone is virtually impossible, research paper on mandatory military service.
Despite these shortcomings, email remains the most ubiquitous method of communication on the Internet today. In research paper on mandatory military service, the number of emails sent and received per day total over billion, with an average number of business emails sent and received per user per day totaling over [ 20 ]. Health care accounts for part of this traffic. And its use, along with instant messaging and social networking, continues to grow as all modalities are inextricably woven into modern lifestyles, both personal and professional.
Security shortcomings can be balanced by safe practices that can be implemented by both individuals and organizations such as:. For example, the subject line on most emails are still sent clear text.
Should There Be Mandatory Military Service?
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Jun 25, · A marketing research topic is an issue that a researcher is investigating in their marketing research paper. The topic needs to be specific and well-defined to ensure the success of a research project on market and marketing Aug 25, · The animal rights movement impacts scientific research. The U.S. Public Health Service publishes its Guide for the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals in The Guide requires research institutions to form Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) to review and oversee animal experiments. The U.S. Congress adopts the Animal The Lancet MMR autism fraud centred on the publication in February of a research paper titled "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children" in The Lancet. The paper, authored by Andrew Wakefield and listing twelve coauthors, falsely claimed to link the MMR vaccine to colitis and autism
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