Library Card Number or EZ Username PIN (Last 4 digits of your Phone Number, Stokes Brown is the last 4 of your card) or EZ Password - First Crusade begins following a call by Pope Urban II to help free the Holy Land which has been captured by Muslims. - William suppresses a Welsh rebellion against the Norman border lords. - The Crusaders take Jerusalem. The first Crusade ends. - William is killed by an arrow while out hunting in the New Forest Pope Paul V (Latin: Paulus V; Italian: Paolo V) (17 September – 28 January ), born Camillo Borghese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 16 May to his death. In , he honored Galileo Galilei as a member of the Papal Accademia dei Lincei and supported his discoveries. In , Pope Paul V instructed Cardinal Bellarmine to inform Galileo that the
Pope John XII - Wikipedia
Pope John XII Essays on pope urban ii : Ioannes XII ; c. He was related to the counts of Tusculuma powerful Roman family which had dominated papal politics for over half a century. He became pope in his late teenage years or early twenties. Inhe clashed with the Lombards to the south. Unable to control Rome easily, he sought help from King Otto I of Germany and crowned him emperor.
John XII's pontificate became infamous for the alleged depravity and essays on pope urban ii with which he conducted his office. He soon fell out with Otto, but died before Otto succeeded in his attempt to depose him.
Octavianus was the son of Alberic II of Spoletopatrician and self-styled prince of Rome. His mother is believed to have been Alda of Vienne, Alberic's stepsister and the daughter of King Hugh of Italy. However, there is some doubt about this. Benedict of Soracte recorded that Octavianus was the son of a concubine Genuit Alberic ex his principem ex concubinam filium, imposuit eis nomen Octabianusbut his Latin is unclear. If he was the son of Alda, he would have been 18 when he became popebut if the son of a concubine he could have been up to 7 years older.
His given name, evoking Augustuswas a clear indicator of how the family saw themselves and his destiny. Sometime before his death inAlberic administered an oath to the Roman nobles in St. Peter's providing that the next vacancy for the papal chair would be filled by his son Octavian, who by this stage had entered the Church.
With the death of Pope Agapetus II in NovemberOctavian, who was the cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Domnicawas elected his successor on 16 December Right from the start, in relation to secular issues, the new pope issued his directives under the name of Octavian, while in all matters relating to the Church, he issued papal bulls and other material under his pontifical name of John.
In aroundJohn personally led an attack against the Lombard duchies of Beneventum and Capuapresumably to reclaim parts of the Papal States which had been lost to them. Confronted by the sight of John marching at the head of an army of men from Tusculum and Spoletothe essays on pope urban ii of Beneventum and Capua appealed for help from Gisulf I of Salernowho came to their aid.
A treaty was secured between the two parties, and the price for Gisulf's non-interference was John agreeing that the papacy would no longer claim Salerno as a Papal patrimony. John soon found that he was unable to control the powerful Roman nobility as his father had so effortlessly done.
In order to protect himself against political intrigues in Rome and the power of Berengar II, John sent papal legates in to King Otto I of Germanywho had previously been granted the rank of patricianasking for his aid. Berengar quickly retreated to his strongholds, and Otto proceeded to enter Rome on 31 January There he met with John and proceeded to swear under oath that he would do everything to defend the pope:.
To thee, the Lord Pope John, I, King Otto, promise and swear, by the Father, essays on pope urban ii, Son, and Holy Ghost, by the wood of the life-giving cross, and by these relics of the saints, that, essays on pope urban ii, if by the will of God I come to Rome, I will exalt to the best of my ability the Holy Essays on pope urban ii Church and you its ruler; and never with my will or at my instigation shall you lose life or limb or the honour which you possess.
And without your consent never, within the city of Rome, will I hold a placitum plea or make any regulation which affects you or the Romans. Whatever territory of St.
Peter comes within my grasp, I will give essays on pope urban ii to you. And to whomsoever I shall entrust the kingdom of Italy, I will make him swear to help you as far as he can to defend the lands of St. John then proceeded to crown Otto as emperorthe first in the west since the death of Berengar I of Italy almost 40 years before. The pope and essays on pope urban ii Roman nobility swore an essays on pope urban ii over the buried remains of Saint Peter to be faithful to Otto, and not to provide aid to Berengar II or his son Adalbert.
This was the first effective guarantee of such protection since the collapse of the Carolingian Empire nearly years before. He also confirmed the freedom of papal elections, but retained the imperial right to agree to the election before the papal consecration, whilst at the same time retaining the clauses of the Constitutio Romana which restricted temporal papal power.
Although Pope John XII was condemned for his worldly ways, he essays on pope urban ii managed to devote some time towards church affairs. He asked William to inform him of the goings on both in West Francia and Germany. John also wrote to Henryessays on pope urban ii, the new archbishop of Triergranting him the pallium and encouraging him to lead a good life. every day by priests and monks should be recited, for the good of our soul and the souls of our successors, a hundred Kyrie-eleisons and a hundred Christe-eleisons, and that thrice each week the priests should offer the Holy Mass to Almighty God for the absolution of our soul and those of our successors.
In John confirmed the appointment of Saint Dunstan as archbishop of Canterburywho traveled to Rome to receive the pallium directly from John XII's hands. On 12 Februaryessays on pope urban ii, John convened a synod in Rome at the behest of Emperor Otto. In it, John agreed to establish the Archbishopric of Magdeburg and the Bishopric of Merseburgbestowed the pallium on the archbishop of Salzburg and archbishop of Trierand confirmed the appointment of Rather as bishop of Verona.
It also passed a resolution excommunicating Bishop Hugh of Vermandois essays on pope urban ii, who had attempted to reclaim his former position as archbishop of Reims. According to Horace Kinder Mann, "ecclesiastical affairs did not seem to have had much attraction for John XII.
Otto left Rome on 14 February to bring Berengar II to heel. Before leaving he suggested that John, "who passed his whole life in vanity and adultery", give up his worldly and sensual lifestyle.
John ignored this advice and watched with increasing anxiety as Otto quickly drove Berengar out of the Papal States. Growing ever more fearful of the emperor's essays on pope urban ii, he sent envoys to the Magyars and the Byzantine Empire to form a league against Otto.
He also entered into negotiations with Berengar's son Adalbert. John's ambassadors were captured by Otto I, who sent a deputation to Rome to discover what was happening behind his back. With Berengar effectively defeated and imprisoned, Otto returned to Rome, besieging it in the summer of He essays on pope urban ii a city divided; supporters of the emperor who had reported Adalbert's arrival in Rome had dug themselves in at Joannispolis, a fortified section of Rome centred on the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls.
John and his supporters meanwhile retained the old Leonine City. At first John prepared to defend the city; appearing in armour, he managed to drive Otto's forces across the Tiber River. Otto I subsequently summoned a council which demanded that John present himself and defend himself against a number of charges.
John responded by threatening to excommunicate anyone who attempted to depose him. An attempt at a revolt in support of John was essays on pope urban ii by the inhabitants of Rome even before Otto I left the city, but was put down with a large loss of life.
However, upon the emperor's departure, John XII returned at the head of a large company of friends and retainers, causing Leo VIII to flee to the emperor for safety. After mutilating some of his enemies, he again was the effective ruler of Rome. According to Liudprand of CremonaJohn died whilst enjoying an adulterous sexual encounter outside Rome, either as the result of apoplexyor at the hands of an outraged husband.
John was buried in the Lateran. Pope Benedict V soon succeeded him, but he was successfully deposed by Leo VIII. John's dual role as the secular prince of Rome and the spiritual head of the church saw his behaviour lean towards the former rather than the latter. His lifestyle suited the secular prince he was, and his political enemies would use these accusations to blacken his reputation not only to justify, but to obscure the political dimensions of his deposition.
It is for this purpose that Liudprand of Cremonaa partisan of the Holy Roman Emperor Otto Igives an account of the charges levelled against him at the Synod of Rome in Then, rising up, the cardinal priest Peter testified that he himself had seen John XII celebrate Mass without taking communion.
John, bishop of Narniand John, a cardinal deaconprofessed that they themselves saw that a deacon had been ordained in a horse stable, essays on pope urban ii, but were unsure of the time, essays on pope urban ii. Benedict, cardinal deacon, with other co-deacons and priests, essays on pope urban ii they knew that he had been paid for ordaining bishopsspecifically that he had ordained a ten-year-old bishop in the city of Todi They testified about his adulterywhich they did not see with their own eyes, but nonetheless knew with certainty: he had fornicated with the widow of Rainier, with Stephana his father's concubinewith the widow Anna, and with his own niece, and he made the sacred palace into a whorehouse.
They said that he had gone hunting publicly; that he had blinded his confessor Benedict, and thereafter Benedict had died; that he had killed John, cardinal subdeaconafter castrating him; and that he had set fires, girded on a sword, and put on a helmet and cuirass. All, clerics as well as laymen, declared that he had toasted to the devil with wine.
They said when playing at dice, he invoked JupiterVenus and other demons. They even said he did not celebrate Matins at the canonical hours nor did he make the sign of the cross. However, other contemporaries also accused John of immoral behaviour. For example, Ratherius of Verona wrote:. What improvement could be looked for if one who was leading an immoral life, who was bellicose and perjured, and who was devoted to hunting, hawking, gaming, and wine, were to be elected to the Apostolic See?
In the end though, much of the subsequent extreme condemnation of John XII is derived from the accusations recorded by Liudprand of Cremona. So according to fiercely anti-Catholic Louis Marie DeCormenin :. John XII was worthy of being the rival of Elagabalus a robber, a murderer, and incestuous person, unworthy to represent Christ upon the pontifical throne This abominable priest soiled the chair of St.
Peter for nine entire years and deserved to be called the most wicked of popes. The historian Ferdinand Gregorovius was somewhat more sympathetic:. John's princely instincts were stronger than his taste for spiritual duties, and the two natures—that of Octavian and that of John the Twelfth—stood in unequal conflict.
Called as he was in the immaturity of youth to a position which gave him claims on the reverence of the world, his judgment deserted him, and he plunged into the most unbridled sensuality. The Lateran palace was turned into an abode of riot and debauchery, essays on pope urban ii. The gilded youths of the city were his daily companions The son of the glorious Alberic thus fell a sacrifice to his own unbridled passion, and to the anomalous position which he held as Prince and Pope at the same time.
His youth, the greatness of his father, the tragic discords of his position, claim for him a lenient judgment, essays on pope urban ii.
There cannot be a doubt that John XII was anything but what a Pope, the chief pastor of Christendom, should have been. Onofrio Panvinioin the revised edition of Bartolomeo Platina 's book about the popes, essays on pope urban ii, added an elaborate note indicating that the legend of Pope Joan may be based on a mistress of John XII: "Panvinius, in a note to Platina's account of pope Joan, suggests that the licentiousness of John XII, essays on pope urban ii, who, among his numerous mistresses, had one called Joan, who exercised the chief influence at Essays on pope urban ii during his pontificate, may have given rise to the story of 'pope Joan'.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States For the Coptic pope, see Pope John XII of Alexandria. New York: Robert Appleton Company, Popes of the Catholic Church, essays on pope urban ii. List of popes graphical canonised Papal names Tombs extant non-extant Antipope Pope emeritus papal resignation Pope-elect.
Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleutherius Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I.
Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore Essays on pope urban ii Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III.
Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Gregory VI Clement II Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III.
Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict Essays on pope urban ii Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII.
Pope Urban II Biography
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- First Crusade begins following a call by Pope Urban II to help free the Holy Land which has been captured by Muslims. - William suppresses a Welsh rebellion against the Norman border lords. - The Crusaders take Jerusalem. The first Crusade ends. - William is killed by an arrow while out hunting in the New Forest Pope Paul V (Latin: Paulus V; Italian: Paolo V) (17 September – 28 January ), born Camillo Borghese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 16 May to his death. In , he honored Galileo Galilei as a member of the Papal Accademia dei Lincei and supported his discoveries. In , Pope Paul V instructed Cardinal Bellarmine to inform Galileo that the Library Card Number or EZ Username PIN (Last 4 digits of your Phone Number, Stokes Brown is the last 4 of your card) or EZ Password
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