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A Civil Rights History: Latino/Hispanic Americans |
The history of Hispanic representation in Congress is entwined with that of U. continental expansion in the 19th century. xml Collection of the U. House of Representatives About this object Considered the Father of the United States Constitution, James Madison of Virginia served four terms in the House — Like Thomas Jefferson, essays about destiny, Madison saw the strategic value of securing the United States from foreign encroachment by acquiring East and West Florida.
territory westward was intended to help the U. have greater freedom in dealing with foreign powers on the North American continent and to consolidate the power of the young republic. It required developing military strength and practicing shrewd diplomacy. expansion in the modern Gulf Coast region, persisted through two more presidential administrations.
After securing the Louisiana territory, Jefferson and his successors focused on acquiring Spanish Florida—which encompassed all of modern-day Florida, as well as a strip running along the Gulf Coast to the Mississippi River. New possibilities for commerce and ports along the Gulf Coast were one rationale. National security was another: Florida offered strategic value in securing Louisiana, the Mississippi Territory, and Georgia.
In West Florida—which extended from Baton Rouge, on the east bank of the Mississippi River in modern-day Louisiana, to Pensacola, in the panhandle of modern-day Florida—U.
settlers became the majority population from to The settlers resisted weakened Spanish rule and advocated for American sovereignty. In Congress passed the Mobile Act, which extended U. federal revenue laws to all territories ceded by France, including West Florida.
jurisdiction over the area and had incorporated West Florida into Louisiana. The United States annexed Mobile during the War of Spain claimed the lands that constitute present-day Florida in addition to the land stretching from its panhandle westward, across the southern portions of modern-day Alabama and Mississippi to the eastern banks of the Mississippi River.
Benefiting from favorable geopolitical circumstances, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams entered into negotiations with Spanish diplomat Don Luis de Onís in The treaty also set a new boundary running from the mouth of the Sabine River on the Gulf Coast on the eastern border of modern-day Texas northwestward along portions of the Sabine, Red, and Arkansas Rivers, then westward on the 42nd parallel to the Oregon coast.
It was the first boundary to traverse the U. House of Representatives About this object Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, essays about destiny, the lead negotiator of the Adams-Onís Treaty, enjoyed a prominent political career as a foreign minister, U. Senator, and President before serving in the U. House of Representatives for nine terms — A wealthy planter and military figure who had fought for Spanish interests in the Patriot War and the First Seminole War, Hernández helped bridge the transition from Spanish rule to American governance.
Like many Territorial Delegates in the 19th century, Hernández returned home to a prominent career in local politics and business; he served in the legislature and led a militia in the Second Essays about destiny War in the s before making an unsuccessful bid for a U.
Senate seat when Florida became a state in essays about destiny Though the Adams-Onís agreement resolved one friction point, it created others.
Moreover, the Adams-Onís Treaty essays about destiny Mexican ownership of lands that would become targets for U.
expansion during the War with Mexico from to xml Image courtesy of the Library of Congress Titled American Progress. Westward the course of destiny. Westward ho! settlers across the continental United States during the s and s. officials with a road map for the advancement of American dominion in the Western Hemisphere. Every mountain has found a tongue for them. In the eyes of many observers there was little difference between federal policy and popular will. settlers in Texas and the Pacific Northwest in the s, essays about destiny.
However, the concept of expansion veiled multiple motives and was advocated by Northerners and Southerners for different reasons. While many Americans supported it, such growth awakened sectional debates over slavery. The possibility of new Western lands forced the federal government to confront questions that had been somewhat mollified since the Missouri Compromise of Would new states allow slavery or oppose it?
How would Congress maintain its balance of sectional interests? Expansionists, moreover, did not address the potential effects of rapid development on African Americans, American Indians, and Mexican citizens living in contested territories. The boundaries that were ratified in the Adams-Onís Treaty, yielding Texas to New Spain, were swiftly altered in when Mexico replaced Spain as the sovereign, and U.
settlers quickly began to cross into East Texas, essays about destiny. The Mexican government sought to prohibit the slave essays about destiny, and in the Mexican Congress passed a law that suspended U. immigration into Texas. xml Image courtesy of the Library of Congress In this political cartoon, Texas Army Commander-in-Chief Sam Houston left accepts the surrender of General Antonio López de Santa Anna.
After achieving independence, Texas existed as an independent republic until its admission as a U. state in Inessays about destiny, the year after he assumed power, General Antonio López de Santa Anna dissolved the Mexican Congress and set up a dictatorship.
Revolts erupted in several Mexican states, essays about destiny. Anglos Stephen Austin, essays about destiny, William Travis, and Sam Houston became leading insurrectionaries. In Marcheven as the Republic of Texas declared its independence, the Mexican Army under General Santa Anna massacred Texan forces at the Alamo in modern day San Antonio and at Goliad, miles to the southeast. Under the threat of death, Santa Anna ordered his forces to pull out of Texas and across the Rio Grande River, in effect recognizing Texan independence.
xml Image courtesy of the Library of Congress Sam Houston was a prominent war veteran and politician before moving to Texas in Houston served in the Texas congress and as its first president before his election to the U. Senate in During the next decade, the population in Texas increased from approximately 30, to 50, in to a total of approximatelytoin As members of a distinct minority who were suspected of disloyalty by Anglo settlers, Hispanic Texans were quickly excluded from the political process.
The Andrew Jackson administration — and the Martin Van Buren administration — demurred despite their unneutrality, fearing that annexation would provoke all-out war with Mexico—inviting a political backlash driven by critics who believed the push for Texas was linked to the extension of slavery in the Southwest. But the John Tyler administration — was willing to proceed with annexation. Secretary of State Abel Upshur and his successor, John C. Calhouncompleted the negotiations, which were signed on April essays about destiny,and which made Texas eligible for admission as a U.
territory, and perhaps later as one or more states, essays about destiny. Additionally, the U. The boundaries with Mexico were left unresolved. But after the fall elections, in which James K. Polk triumphed, President Tyler pushed the treaty H. It passed the Democratic-controlled House to essays about destiny and the Senate 24 to Tyler signed the treaty into law on March 1, 5 Stat. In the end, Texas was admitted as a state on December 29, essays about destiny,with the proviso that it could be divided into as many as five states—a prospect that outraged and horrified abolitionist essays about destiny of the Whig Party.
xml Original roll call vote on ratification of treaty to annex Texas; image courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration On June 8, essays about destiny,the U.
Senate refused to approve the ratification of a treaty annexing Texas to the United States. Shortly before he left office, President John Tylerwith the support of President-elect James K. Polkmaneuvered a joint resolution through both houses of Congress and signed the annexation treaty into law on March 1, James K. Polk set an ambitious course when he assumed the presidency on March 4, The acquisition of California from Mexico was all that remained of his original agenda.
But unlike the acquisition of Oregon, taking possession of such coveted lands required an all-out war. Revealing little, Polk sent diplomats to Mexico, pressuring the Mexican government not to interfere with the annexation of Texas. Moreover, Polk claimed that Mexico owed Americans living in Texas millions of dollars for seized and lost property. troops to encamp just north of the Rio Grande River in an area that was claimed by both Mexico and the United States.
After blockading the river and training its cannon on a nearby town, the U, essays about destiny. military ignored Mexican requests to stand down. On April 25,essays about destiny, a skirmish between Mexican and U.
troops ignited hostilities. Mexican officials blamed the United States, while Polk blamed Mexico when he learned of the fighting two weeks later. xml Image courtesy of the Library of Congress The first Speaker of the House essays about destiny become President of the United States, James K. Polk was an Andrew Jackson protégé who quickly rose through the ranks of Tennessee politics, essays about destiny.
Antislavery Whigs, like John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts and Joshua Giddings of Ohio, viewed the war with Mexico as proof that Southern interests intended to expand slavery westward. Congress, which is vested exclusively by the Essays about destiny with war-making power, he has not designed to consult, much less to ask it for any authority.
xml Image courtesy of the Library of Congress In this cartoon, President James K. Supporters and critics of the war stand behind their respective advocates. xml Essays about destiny courtesy of the Library of Congress A Zia Pueblo family was photographed in the New Mexico Territory in The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed by chief negotiator Nicholas P. Trist on February 2,and approved by the U.
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, time: 1:12:44AP U.S. History Sample Essays - Study Notes
The history of Hispanic representation in Congress is entwined with that of U.S. continental expansion in the 19th century.7 In the decades of rapid westward advance and settlement between the signing of the Adams-Onís Treaty of and the declaration of the Spanish-American War in , the House nearly doubled in size.8 Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Westward Expansion President Get free homework help on William Shakespeare's Macbeth: play summary, scene summary and analysis and original text, quotes, essays, character analysis, and filmography courtesy of CliffsNotes. In Macbeth, William Shakespeare's tragedy about power, ambition, deceit, and murder, the Three Witches foretell Macbeth's rise to King of Scotland but also prophesy that future kings will descend from Popular Essays. Role of Students in Disaster Management in A student is a person who is having a great zeal at any subject. Our educational system should The barber's Trade union Summary. Asst. Prof. of English, Lal Bahadur Shastri Mahavidyalaya, Dharmabada, Mulk Raj Anand (
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